What state is this in? You may be able to get your application but in 20 years of practice I have never heard of an employer having to provide notes unless they are subpoened during a court process. My husband who is also an employemtn lawyer and partner with one of the 10 biggest firms in the country has never heard if ti either. No employer has a duty to tell anyone why they did not hire them (in the absence of a proceeding by a human rights or EEOC commission investigation). So the short answer is legally you are not entitled to know anything about why they did not hire you. They could choose to tell you but probably won't-- if employers had to provide the things you listed-- no employer would ever hire anyone for fear of getting sued.
I know you want answers but they aren't compelled to give them. Speculation may drive you nuts too! As for the person from your current company calling up at their own initiation, that would stink if they did that but as long as they presented their assessment as their opinion the elements of slander can't be proved (this is a whole lot of legal stuff-- people think anytime someone says bad stuff about them it is slander but proving slander is a whole different matter). Is it possible that the current employer felt you were disloyal by seeking the new job at a competitor and said that? I would not think that would lead to rescinding-- the manager should see that type of stuff as sour grapes. In reality there is likely a great possibility that the manager just had another applicant come in after the offer, wanted to hire them and made up a reason to do so (bad reference) because they did not want to be seen as so arbitrary. This is absolutely terrible HR and management practice but it happens a whole lot. Unless they decided that they did not want to hire you because you are a woman, black (don't know if you are-- I am just putting the discriminatory reasons in there) etc and wanted to go with another person because of that-- the flip flop is not actionable. I know this feels so bad to you. You are still a good person with the same skills that you had before this process. If it is that they just wanted to go with someone else and then told you it was references, the silver lining is that nothing was bad about you.
If you want to know the truth you can go to your local EEOC or human rights commission (again do not know where you are) and file a charge saying that the failure to hire was based on some discriminatory reason. Then the employer would have to respond. I DO NOT recommend this at all because based on what you said it does not look like they did not hire you because of discrimination-- they just decided not to hire you-- however ridiculous and arbitrary that might be. Employers are allowed to be ridiculous if they want (they might not be in business long but there is no law against being a fool)There can be serious penalties for alleging that the employer was discriminatory in the absence of evidence and you can be sanctioned. These processes are in fact often used for a fishing expedition to find out why someone did not get hired--but it would be unethical (as well as illegal-- perjurious) to allege that this was a reason simply in a search for the truth. If I were you, I would call the HR person you dealt with and ask for feedback. This person is not directly responsible for the decision and so may provide info (probabaly not but maybe)-- if you play up the offer being rescinded (which happens more often than you think but is still not the usual course of business) the HR person may give you some feedback. But remember that the HR function is there to support the managers so they may say nothing. However if you ask-- you could take satisfaction in the fact that HR may chew the manager out for this. Small satisfaction I know but you seem to feel so bad maybe it would help. Speculating is going to drive you crazy Abi-- try to find out what you can and then move on. You are still a good worker and a good person. Your job does not define you. Good luck!
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